Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, and Job by Edwin M. Yamauchi & Anthony Tomasino & Izak Cornelius

Author:Edwin M. Yamauchi & Anthony Tomasino & Izak Cornelius [Yamauchi, Edwin M.]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: REL006060 Religion / Biblical Commentary / Old Testament
ISBN: 9780310527633
Publisher: Zondervan
Published: 2015-12-09T16:00:00+00:00

Job (6:1–7:21)

Outweigh the sands of the sea (6:3). Job wants his misery to be weighed against the sands of the sea, which it would outweigh. Thus, although the sand is immeasurable and massive and cannot be counted (Gen. 22:17; Jer. 15:8), Job’s sufferings are even worse. The Wisdom of Ahiqar says (8.111): “I have lifted sand, and I have carried salt; but there is nothing which is heavier than [grief].”90

Arrows of the Almighty (6:4). The arrows of Shaddai, which are poisonous, can be compared with the arrows of the Syro-Palestinian god Resheph. The phrase “Resheph of the arrow” is known, and the deity is depicted in art as a menacing warrior armed with a quiver and a bow.91 The arrows refer to plagues and diseases; in a Ugaritic incantation the god Baal is invoked to stop the “arrows” of Resheph.92 God is described as an archer in the Old Testament (Deut. 32:23; Ps. 7:13 [flaming]; 38:2; 64:7; 144:6 [lightning]; Hab. 3:9; cf. Job 16:12).

Almighty (šadday) and Other Divine NamesA-16

The divine name šadday (Shaddai) occurs forty-eight times in the Old Testament (e.g., Gen. 17:1; Ex. 6:2–3; Ps. 68:14; Ezek. 10:5), thirty-one times in Job. It is sometimes connected with the Akkadian word for “mountain,” indicating the mountain as divine residence, or it may be linked with “fields” (cf. Job 5:23). An Astarte šad (“mistress of the field/wilderness/animals” or the “huntress”)A-17 is known from Ugarit. Shaddai deities also occur in the Deir ʿAlla texts.A-18 Knauf reads “God of the Wilderness”A-19 and makes it a “Lord of Animals” (see sidebar on “Lord of Animals” at 39:26–29). The Greek and Latin translate it with pantokratōr/kyrios and omnipotens/Dominus, hence the NIV translation “Almighty.”

Other Hebrew names used for God in Job are yhwh (Yahweh; NIV “LORD”), which only occurs in the prose parts and is never used in the dialogues and only twice by Job (1:21; 12:9). ʾ elōhîm (NIV “God”) is used by God (1:8; 2:3), Job (1:5; 2:10), the satan (1:9), the messenger (1:16), and Job’s wife (2:9). Other names are ʾēl (fifty-five times in Job) and the rare Eloah (NIV “God”); of the fifty-seven uses of ʾ elôah in the Old Testament, forty-one occurrences are in Job The divine names are sometimes used in sequences like ʾēl-ʾ elôah (12:6), ʾēl-ʾ elōhîm (20:29), šadday-ʾēl (13:3), ʾ elôah šadday (5:17; 11:7; 31:2), šadday ʾ elôah (6:4; 22:26; 27:10; 40:2).

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